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​Welcome to IIA Luxembourg​

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Retrieved 9 April 2014. The number of cars per 1000 persons amount to 680. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other, but it is not often used as the written language. Nineteenth century After the of in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between and the.

As a with a , it is headed by and is the world's only remaining. It also participates in the named after where the agreements were signed , whose goal is the free movement of citizens among member states. Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily. Luxembourg has an : Cfb , marked by high precipitation, particularly in late summer.

​Welcome to IIA Luxembourg​ - Retrieved December 3, 2017.

This article is about the country. For the city, see. For other uses, see. Luxembourg : Lëtzebuerg ; : Luxembourg ; : Luxemburg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small in western Europe. It is bordered by to the west and north, to the east, and to the south. Its capital, , together with and , is one of the three official capitals of the and the seat of the , the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of and cultures, as evident by the nation's three : , , and the , sometimes considered a dialect of German. The repeated invasions by Germany, especially in , resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union. Retrieved 3 May 2013. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres 998 sq mi , it is one of the. In 2016, Luxembourg had a population of 576,249, which makes it one of the , but by far the one with the. Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg's population. As a with a , it is headed by and is the world's only remaining. Luxembourg is a , with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest. The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city. Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the 13th century, the reigned over a considerable territory. In 1308, became and. The produced four at the high time of the Middle Ages. In 1354, elevated the County to the. Since had no male heir, the Duchy became part of the and then one of the of the Habsburg Netherlands. Over the centuries, the , of great strategic importance situated between the and the territories, was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed in Europe. After belonging to both the France of and the Austria of , Luxembourg became part of the and under. The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the in 1815. The Grand-Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of with a garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France. In 1839, following the turmoil of the , the purely Oil-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to and the Luxembourgish-speaking part except the , the area around became what is the present state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, , , , and. The city of Luxembourg, which is the country's capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the EU. Luxembourg served on the for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the country's history. In 2016 Luxembourgish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 172 countries and territories, ranking the Luxembourgish passport 15th in the world, tied with countries such as Canada and Switzerland. Main article: In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the reigned as. In 1437, the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis, precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne, which led to the territories being sold by Duchess to of. In the following centuries, Luxembourg's fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the , , and the French. Nineteenth century After the of in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between and the. The formed Luxembourg as a within the German Confederation. The Dutch king became, in , the grand duke. Although he was supposed to rule the grand duchy as an independent country with an administration of its own, in reality he treated it similarly to a Dutch province. The was manned by Prussian troops for the German Confederation. This arrangement was revised by the 1839 , from which date Luxembourg's full independence is reckoned. At the time of the of 1830—1839, and by the 1839 Treaty establishing full independence, Luxembourg's territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly was transferred to. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union. This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of , and expansion of from 1855 to 1875, particularly the construction of the Luxembourg- railway line, with connections from there to the European industrial regions. While Prussian troops still manned the fortress, in 1861, the was opened, the first road bridge spanning the river valley, connecting the and the main fortification on the Bock with , opened in 1859, on the then fortified Bourbon plateau to the south. Luxembourg City: The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, overlooking the river valley; it opened in 1861. After the of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were again affirmed by the 1867 , Prussia's troops were withdrawn from the Fortress of Luxembourg, and its Bock and surrounding fortifications were dismantled. The remained as , maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of , the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter , while Luxembourg then restricted to male heirs by the passed to. At the time of the in 1870, despite allegations about French use of the Luxembourg railways for passing soldiers from then part of France through the Duchy, and for forwarding provisions to Thionville, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected by , and neither France nor Germany invaded the country. But in 1871, as a result of Germany's victory over France, Luxembourg's boundary with , containing Metz and Thionville, changed from being a frontier with a part of France to a frontier with territory annexed to the as under the. This allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the. Twentieth century Frontier with German Empire's Alsace-Lorraine, from 1871 to 1918 In August 1914, violated Luxembourg's neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France. This allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the , Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms. In contrast to the First World War, under the , the country was treated as German territory and informally annexed to the adjacent province of the. A based in London supported the , sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a founding member of the in 1945. Luxembourg's neutral status under the formally ended in 1948, and in 1949 it became a founding member of. In 1951, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the , which in 1957 would become the and in 1993 the. In 1999 Luxembourg joined the. In 2005, a was held. The exploiting the ' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove the country's industrialisation. After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as a global financial centre and developed into the banking hub it is reputed for. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a , with the founding of the and a national , projecting the first involvement in a robotic lunar expedition by 2020. Executive power is exercised by the and the , which consists of several other ministers. The , the supreme law of Luxembourg, was adopted on 17 October 1868. The Grand Duke has the power to dissolve the , in which case new elections must be held within three months. However, since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the , exercised by the Grand Duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law. Legislative power is vested in the , a legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four. A second body, the Conseil d'État , composed of twenty-one ordinary citizens appointed by the Grand Duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation. The Grand Duchy has three lower tribunals justices de paix; in , the city of , and , two district tribunals Luxembourg and Diekirch , and a Luxembourg , which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital. The , seated in. Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and. In efforts foreshadowing European integration, Luxembourg and Belgium in 1921 formed the BLEU to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common. Luxembourg is a member of the and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community now the European Union. It also participates in the named after where the agreements were signed , whose goal is the free movement of citizens among member states. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-, pro-US foreign policy. The is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in and sometimes in. Military Luxembourgish soldiers during National Day. The army is under , with the as. The , currently , oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the , who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general. Being a landlocked country, it has no navy. Luxembourg also lacks an air force, though the 17 NATO aeroplanes are, for convenience, registered as aircraft of Luxembourg. In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one military cargo plane. Luxembourg has participated in the , has contributed troops to the and missions in former , and has participated with a small contingent in the current mission in. Luxembourg troops have also deployed to , to support. The army has also participated in humanitarian relief missions such as setting up refugee camps for and providing emergency supplies to Albania. The largest towns are , , , and. Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in Europe, and ranked in size of all the ; the country is about 2,586 square kilometres 998 sq mi in size, and measures 82 km 51 mi long and 57 km 35 mi wide. It lies between latitudes and , and longitudes and To the east, Luxembourg borders the German of and , and to the south, it borders the French of. The Grand Duchy borders the Belgian , in particular the latter's of and , part of which comprises the , to the west and to the north, respectively. The northern third of the country is known as the '', and forms part of the. It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the near Wilwerdange, which is the highest point, at 560 metres 1,837 ft. Other mountains are the '' at 559 metres near and the '' at 554 metres near. The region is sparsely populated, with only one town with a population of more than four thousand people. It is also more diverse and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The , in south-central Luxembourg, is a large, flat, formation, and the site of the city of Luxembourg. The valley is the lowest-lying region, running along the southeastern border. The , in the far south and southwest, are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns. The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three : the Moselle, the , and the. Other major rivers are the , the , the , and the. The of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Oesling. According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index, Luxembourg is one of the world's best performers in environmental protection, ranking 4th out of 132 assessed countries Luxembourg also ranks 6th among the top ten most livable cities in the world by Mercer's. Luxembourg has an : Cfb , marked by high precipitation, particularly in late summer. The summers are warm and winters cool. Graphical depiction of Luxembourg's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories Luxembourg's stable and high-income features moderate , low , and a high level of innovation. Unemployment is traditionally low, although it had risen to 6. Consequently, Luxembourg's economy was forecast to have negligible growth in 2012. Luxembourg is ranked 13th in 's , 26th in the United Nations , and 4th in the Economist Intelligence Unit's. The debt to GDP is 23%. The industrial sector, which was dominated by steel until the 1960s, has since diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During the past decades, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in. Services, especially banking and , account for the majority of economic output. Luxembourg is the world's second largest investment fund centre after the United States , the most important private banking centre in the and Europe's leading centre for reinsurance companies. Moreover, the Luxembourg government has aimed to attract Internet start-ups, with and being two of the many Internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. Luxembourg ranked third on the 's 2011 of the world's major tax havens, scoring only slightly behind the. In 2013, Luxembourg is ranked as the 2nd safest tax haven in the world, behind. Agriculture is based on small, family-owned farms. Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands see , and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European. However, securities owned by non-Luxembourg residents, but held in custodial accounts in Luxembourg, are also included in this figure. Transport Luxembourg's international airline is based at , the country's only international airport. Luxembourg has efficient road, rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernised in recent years with 147 km 91 mi of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's and a new passenger terminal at was opened in 2008. Luxembourg city reintroduced in December 2017 and there are plans to open lines in adjacent areas within the next few years. The number of cars per 1000 persons amount to 680. Communications The telecommunications industry in Luxembourg is liberalised and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom of the Government of 2011 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgish law. This encourages the investment in networks and services. The regulator ILR — Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation ensures the compliance to these legal rules. Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fiber and cable networks throughout the country. In 2011, Luxembourg had an coverage of 75%. The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry. It ranks 2nd in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the and the. Signs in front of the on the Cloche d'or, in the city of Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges AMS-IX Amsterdam, DE-CIX Frankfurt, LINX London , datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks. In addition, the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services vmmr of the international data hub operator Ancotel. This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt, London, New York and Hong Kong. Luxembourg has established itself as one of the leading FinTech hubs in Europe, with the Luxembourg government supporting initiatives like the Luxembourg House of Financial Technology. Some 20 data centres are operating in Luxembourg. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc, two of LuxConnect and one of European Data Hub. In a survey on nine international data centers carried out in December 2012 and January 2013 and measuring availability up-time and performance delay by which the data from the requested website was received , the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers. The population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from , , , , and , with the majority coming from the latter: in 2013 there were about 88,000 inhabitants with nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44. Since the beginning of the , Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from , , and. Annually, over 10,000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg, mostly from the EU states, as well as. In 2000 there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999. Language Coin of the former in two of the country's three languages: French obverse, left and Luxembourgish reverse, right The linguistic situation of Luxemburg is complex. It is characterized by the existence of a language specific to the local population , mixed with the historical presence of the two major languages spoken in the surrounding countries and. Three languages are recognised as official in Luxembourg: , and , a language of the region that is also spoken in neighbouring parts of Belgium, Germany and France. Though Luxembourgish is part of the West Central German group of , more than 5,000 words in the language are of French origin. The first printed sentences in Luxembourgish appeared in a weekly journal, the 'Luxemburger Wochenblatt', in the second edition on 14 April 1821. Due to the historical influence of the Napoleonic Code on the legal system of the Grand Duchy, French is the sole language of the legislation. French is generally the preferred language of the government, administration and justice. The parliamentary debates are however mostly conducted in Luxembourgish, whereas the written government communications and the official documents e. Each of the three languages is used as the primary language in certain spheres, without being exclusive. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak to each other, but it is not often used as the written language. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing number of novels have been written in Luxembourgish. Most official business is carried out in French. German is very often used in much of the. According to a recent survey, French is the language spoken by most residents 99% , followed by Luxembourgish 82% , German 81% and English 72%. Although professional life is largely multilingual, French is described by private sector business leaders as the main working language of their company 56% , followed by Luxembourgish 20% , English 18% and German 6%. Religion , Luxembourg City Luxembourg is a , but the state recognises certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy, in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Currently, religions covered by such arrangements are , , , , , , , and. Since 1980 it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices. An estimation by the for the year 2000 is that 87% of Luxembourgers are , including the grand ducal family, the remaining 13% being made up of , , , Muslims, and those of other or no religion. According to a 2010 study 70. Education See also: Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in German, before changing to Luxembourgish; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French. Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged. In addition to the three national languages, English is taught in compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English. The past two decades have highlighted the growing importance of English in several sectors, in particular the financial sector. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large segments of the population, but by relatively few from outside the Portuguese-speaking community. The is the only university based in Luxembourg. Two American universities maintain campuses in the country, the and. The nation of Luxembourg collectively spent nearly 7% of its on health, placing it among the highest spending countries on health services and related programs in 2010 among other well-off nations in Europe with high average income among its population. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the NMHA , the , and the new Mudam. The in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the. The city of Luxembourg itself is on the , on account of the historical importance of its fortifications. The country has produced some internationally known artists, including the painters , and , and photographer , whose exhibition has been placed on UNESCO's register, and is now permanently housed in. Movie star was of Luxembourgish descent. Luxembourg was the first city to be named twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the area in. The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally. Luxembourg was represented at the World in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion. Further information: Unlike most countries in Europe, sport in Luxembourg is not concentrated upon a particular , but encompasses a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, out of a total population of near 500,000—600,000, are licensed members of one sports federation or another. The largest sports venue in the country is , an and Olympic swimming pool in , north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for basketball, handball, gymnastics, and volleyball, including the final of the. The also the country's largest is the , in western Luxembourg City; named after the country's only official Olympic gold medallist, the stadium has a capacity of 8,054. Gin , served with boiled potatoes and beer Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently, it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants. Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes the same as in neighboring. Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita. However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population. Media The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German. The newspaper with the largest circulation is the German-language daily. Because of the strong multilingualism in Luxembourg, newspapers often alternate articles in French and articles in German, without translation. In addition there are both English and Portuguese radio and national print publications, but accurate audience figures are difficult to gauge since the national media survey by ILRES is conducted in French. Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations and. It is also the uplink home of , carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain. 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Luxembourg served on the for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the country's history. GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE OF C-Date. Chat - Flirt - Dating - Friends - Met - Blinddates - Affairs Copyright © 2017 by myLOVE. The is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in and sometimes in. Archived from on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2017. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its tout a profoundly rural country. Interruptions of any Service for more than two days only entitle you to an extension of access to that Service for a time period equal to that of the interruption, except if the interruption lasts for more than 10 days. Luxembourg is a zip of the and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community now the European Union. Histoire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Retrieved 21 February 2010.